Delete Data - DELETE¶

Now let's delete some data using SQLModel.

Continue From Previous Code¶

As before, we'll continue from where we left off with the previous code.

👀 Full file preview

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Remember to remove the database.db file before running the examples to get the same results.

Delete with SQL¶

This Spider-Youngster is getting too weird, so let's just delete it.

But don't worry, we'll reboot it later with a new story. 😅

Let's see how to delete it with SQL:

DELETE
FROM hero
WHERE name = "Spider-Youngster"

This means, more or less:

Hey SQL database 👋, I want to DELETE rows FROM the table called hero.

Please delete all the rows WHERE the value of the column name is equal to "Spider-Youngster".

Remember that when using a SELECT statement it has the form:

SELECT [some stuff here]
FROM [name of a table here]
WHERE [some condition here]

DELETE is very similar, and again we use FROM to tell the table to work on, and we use WHERE to tell the condition to use to match the rows that we want to delete.

You can try that in DB Browser for SQLite:

Have in mind that DELETE is to delete entire rows, not single values in a row.

If you want to "delete" a single value in a column while keeping the row, you would instead update the row as explained in the previous chapter, setting the specific value of the column in that row to NULL (to None in Python).

Now let's delete with SQLModel.

To get the same results, delete the database.db file before running the examples.

Read From the Database¶

We'll start by selecting the hero "Spider-Youngster" that we updated in the previous chapter, this is the one we will delete:

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

# Code below omitted 👇

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

# Code below omitted 👇

👀 Full file preview

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

As this is a new function delete_heroes(), we'll also add it to the main() function so that we call it when executing the program from the command line:

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

# Code above omitted 👆

def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

# Code above omitted 👆

def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

👀 Full file preview

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

That will print the same existing hero Spider-Youngster:

$ python app.py

// Some boilerplate and previous output omitted 😉

// The SELECT with WHERE
INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.name = ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00011s] ('Spider-Youngster',)

// Print the hero as obtained from the database
Hero:  name='Spider-Youngster' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2

Delete the Hero from the Session¶

Now, very similar to how we used session.add() to add or update new heroes, we can use session.delete() to delete the hero from the session:

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)

# Code below omitted 👇

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)

# Code below omitted 👇

👀 Full file preview

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Commit the Session¶

To save the current changes in the session, commit it.

This will save all the changes stored in the session, like the deleted hero:

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

# Code below omitted 👇

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

# Code below omitted 👇

👀 Full file preview

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

The same as we have seen before, .commit() will also save anything else that was added to the session. Including updates, or created heroes.

This commit after deleting the hero will generate this output:

$ python app.py

// Some boilerplate output omitted 😉

// Previous output omitted 🙈

// The SQL to update the hero in the database
INFO Engine DELETE FROM hero WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00020s] (2,)
INFO Engine COMMIT

Print the Deleted Object¶

Now the hero is deleted from the database.

If we tried to use session.refresh() with it, it would raise an exception, because there's no data in the database for this hero.

Nevertheless, the object is still available with its data, but now it's not connected to the session and it no longer exists in the database.

As the object is not connected to the session, it is not marked as "expired", the session doesn't even care much about this object anymore.

Because of that, the object still contains its attributes with the data in it, so we can print it:

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

# Code below omitted 👇

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

# Code below omitted 👇

👀 Full file preview

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

This will output:

$ python app.py

// Some boilerplate output omitted 😉

// Previous output omitted 🙈

// Print the deleted hero
Deleted hero: name='Spider-Youngster' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2

Query the Database for the Same Row¶

To confirm if it was deleted, now let's query the database again, with the same "Spider-Youngster" name:

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

# Code below omitted 👇

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

# Code below omitted 👇

👀 Full file preview

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Here we are using results.first() to get the first object found (in case it found multiple) or None, if it didn't find anything.

If we used results.one() instead, it would raise an exception, because it expects exactly one result.

And because we just deleted that hero, this should not find anything and we should get None.

This will execute some SQL in the database and output:

$ python app.py

// Some boilerplate output omitted 😉

// Previous output omitted 🙈

// Automatically start a new transaction
INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)

// SQL to search for the hero
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.name = ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00013s] ('Spider-Youngster',)

Confirm the Deletion¶

Now let's just confirm that, indeed, no hero was found in the database with that name.

We'll do it by checking that the "first" item in the results is None:

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")

# Code below omitted 👇

# Code above omitted 👆

def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")

# Code below omitted 👇

👀 Full file preview

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.one()
        print("Hero: ", hero)

        session.delete(hero)
        session.commit()

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero = results.first()

        if hero is None:
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

This will output:

$ python app.py

// Some boilerplate output omitted 😉

// Previous output omitted 🙈

// Indeed, the hero was deleted 🔥
There's no hero named Spider-Youngster

// Cleanup after the with block
INFO Engine ROLLBACK

Review the Code¶

Now let's review all that code:

Python 3.10+Python 3.7+

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")  # (1)!
        results = session.exec(statement)  # (2)!
        hero = results.one()  # (3)!
        print("Hero: ", hero)  # (4)!

        session.delete(hero)  # (5)!
        session.commit()  # (6)!

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)  # (7)!

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")  # (8)!
        results = session.exec(statement)  # (9)!
        hero = results.first()  # (10)!

        if hero is None:  # (11)!
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")  # (12)!
    # (13)!


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Select the hero we will delete.

Execute the query with the select statement object.

This generates the output:

INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.name = ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00011s] ('Spider-Youngster',)

Get one hero object, expecting exactly one.

!!! tip This ensures there's no more than one, and that there's exactly one, not None.
```
This would never return `None`, instead it would raise an exception.
```

Print the hero object.

This generates the output:

Hero:  name='Spider-Youngster' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2

Delete the hero from the session.

This marks the hero as deleted from the session, but it will not be removed from the database until we commit the changes.
Commit the session.

This saves the changes in the session, including deleting this row.

It generates the output:
```
INFO Engine DELETE FROM hero WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00020s] (2,)
INFO Engine COMMIT
```
Print the deleted hero object.

The hero is deleted in the database. And is marked as deleted in the session.

But we still have the object in memory with its data, so we can use it to print it.

This generates the output:
```
Deleted hero: name='Spider-Youngster' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2
```
Select the same hero again.

We'll do this to confirm if the hero is really deleted.

Execute the select statement.

This generates the output:

INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.name = ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00013s] ('Spider-Youngster',)

Get the "first" item from the results.

If no items were found, this will return None, which is what we expect.
Check if the first item from the results is None.
If this first item is indeed None, it means that it was correctly deleted from the database.

Now we can print a message to confirm.

This generates the output:
```
There's no hero named Spider-Youngster
```
This is the end of the with block, here the session executes its closing code.

This generates the output:
```
INFO Engine ROLLBACK
```

from typing import Optional

from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    secret_name: str
    age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"

engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)


def create_db_and_tables():
    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)


def create_heroes():
    hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
    hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
    hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
    hero_4 = Hero(name="Tarantula", secret_name="Natalia Roman-on", age=32)
    hero_5 = Hero(name="Black Lion", secret_name="Trevor Challa", age=35)
    hero_6 = Hero(name="Dr. Weird", secret_name="Steve Weird", age=36)
    hero_7 = Hero(name="Captain North America", secret_name="Esteban Rogelios", age=93)

    with Session(engine) as session:
        session.add(hero_1)
        session.add(hero_2)
        session.add(hero_3)
        session.add(hero_4)
        session.add(hero_5)
        session.add(hero_6)
        session.add(hero_7)

        session.commit()


def update_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Boy")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_1 = results.one()
        print("Hero 1:", hero_1)

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Captain North America")
        results = session.exec(statement)
        hero_2 = results.one()
        print("Hero 2:", hero_2)

        hero_1.age = 16
        hero_1.name = "Spider-Youngster"
        session.add(hero_1)

        hero_2.name = "Captain North America Except Canada"
        hero_2.age = 110
        session.add(hero_2)

        session.commit()
        session.refresh(hero_1)
        session.refresh(hero_2)

        print("Updated hero 1:", hero_1)
        print("Updated hero 2:", hero_2)


def delete_heroes():
    with Session(engine) as session:
        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")  # (1)!
        results = session.exec(statement)  # (2)!
        hero = results.one()  # (3)!
        print("Hero: ", hero)  # (4)!

        session.delete(hero)  # (5)!
        session.commit()  # (6)!

        print("Deleted hero:", hero)  # (7)!

        statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Spider-Youngster")  # (8)!
        results = session.exec(statement)  # (9)!
        hero = results.first()  # (10)!

        if hero is None:  # (11)!
            print("There's no hero named Spider-Youngster")  # (12)!
    # (13)!


def main():
    create_db_and_tables()
    create_heroes()
    update_heroes()
    delete_heroes()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Select the hero we will delete.

Execute the query with the select statement object.

This generates the output:

INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.name = ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00011s] ('Spider-Youngster',)

Get one hero object, expecting exactly one.

!!! tip This ensures there's no more than one, and that there's exactly one, not None.
```
This would never return `None`, instead it would raise an exception.
```

Print the hero object.

This generates the output:

Hero:  name='Spider-Youngster' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2

Delete the hero from the session.

This marks the hero as deleted from the session, but it will not be removed from the database until we commit the changes.
Commit the session.

This saves the changes in the session, including deleting this row.

It generates the output:
```
INFO Engine DELETE FROM hero WHERE hero.id = ?
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00020s] (2,)
INFO Engine COMMIT
```
Print the deleted hero object.

The hero is deleted in the database. And is marked as deleted in the session.

But we still have the object in memory with its data, so we can use it to print it.

This generates the output:
```
Deleted hero: name='Spider-Youngster' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2
```
Select the same hero again.

We'll do this to confirm if the hero is really deleted.

Execute the select statement.

This generates the output:

INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine SELECT hero.id, hero.name, hero.secret_name, hero.age
FROM hero
WHERE hero.name = ?
INFO Engine [no key 0.00013s] ('Spider-Youngster',)

Get the "first" item from the results.

If no items were found, this will return None, which is what we expect.
Check if the first item from the results is None.
If this first item is indeed None, it means that it was correctly deleted from the database.

Now we can print a message to confirm.

This generates the output:
```
There's no hero named Spider-Youngster
```
This is the end of the with block, here the session executes its closing code.

This generates the output:
```
INFO Engine ROLLBACK
```

Tip

Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.

Recap¶

To delete rows with SQLModel you just have to .delete() them with the session, and then, as always, .commit() the session to save the changes to the database. 🔥